1) Foot and Mouth Disease: Spread This disease is spread through direct contact with the diseased animal or sharing of food, fodder and water contaminated by the diseased animal or discharge from the wound of the diseased animal. Main symptoms: • High fever in the beginning, infected or reddish mouth, leakage of saliva, less eating and drinking, patches on the tongue, injuries in the mouth and injuries in the hooves due to which diseased animal limp. • Lesser output from the milking animals. In some milch animals, boils appear on teats. Remedies and precautionary measures: • Clean the wounds of the diseased animals three times a day with Potassium or Alum water. • Use of the correct antibiotic with the advice of the veterinary doctor. Immunization vaccination every year. 2) Enterotoxaemia: Spread Contaminated and infected food, fodder and water etc. Main symptoms: • At once, many animals get diseased and die suddenly. Eating and drinking is stopped. Movement due to restlessness. Watery diarrhea and loose motions. Remedies and precautionary measures: Immunization vaccination to be done. 3) Black leg Spread Bacteria enters the body through contaminated and infected food, fodder and water or through open wounds. Main symptoms • Sudden fever. Rear leg limps. Swelling on the fleshy part, if pressed it sounds. • Dirty discharge from the swollen part of the body, it smells bad. If within three days of the infection, medical treatment is not done then there is threat to the animal’s life. Remedies and precautionary measures: Diseased animals could be cured and saved within 4-6 days by the use of correct and suitable antibiotic. Vaccination of Alum precipitate should be done every year. 4) PPR This disease is also called as Plague. Main symptoms: Sudden fever, diarrhea, vomiting, sore throat, continuous discharge from nose, abortion, opaqueness of the eye retina, panting, white substance deposition on tongue, inner side of the lips and fleshy portion of the upper jaw. Remedies and preventive measures: For the diseased animals, use correct antibiotics and vitamins for 3-7 days. Preventive vaccination should be done every year. Spread Contaminated and contagious food, fodder and water. Direct contact of the diseased animals. Main symptoms: • All of a sudden animal becomes sick, stops eating and drinking, high fever with swelling on throat, and the swelling is seen up to the leg. • Animal starts wheezing, tongue and throat swell and problem in breathing is observed. • Watery discharge from nose and if timely treatment is not done, animal may die. Remedies and precautionary measures: • Immediate treatment can cure the disease. • Medicines and antibiotics are to be given on the advice of the veterinary doctor. • Animals feel stressed in extreme wind, cold air and rains. • Animals are more likely to get sick due to decreasing immune power. Necessary vaccination must be done before monsoon. • Diseased animals should be separated from the herd and treated for the disease on time. Maintain cleanliness in the cattle shed. Reference- Agrowon 14th October 17 Translated by Agrostar